|| ICRISAT || Online Resources

Online resources

Abstracts of Students’ Research Projects

Agricultural Experimentation

A Glossary for Crop Improvement Compiled By: T Nagur, DL Oswalt, and Faujdar Singh This Skill Development Series contains glossary of terms commonly used in crop improvement subject.

Agronomic Practices for Experimentation A. Area, Rectangle, and Slope B. Soil Sampling Procedures and Preparation of Samples C. Layout D. Fertilizers E. Seed Calibration and Sowing F. Crust Breaking on Alfisols G. Harvesting of Experimental Crops H. Evaluation

Groundnut Production Practices Compiled By: Faujdar Singh and DL Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Production Practices Soil Crop Rotation Manures and Fertilizers Field Preparation Preparations for Sowing Experiments Sowing Irrigation Weed Control Determining Plot Yield Recording Observations Harvesting Storage Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Comparison of Sub Species and Varieties of Arachis MP 2. Preparing Broadbeds-and-Furrows MP 3. Rhizobium Inoculation Procedures MP 4. Determination of Seed Rate for a Given Plant Density MP 5. Seed Packeting and Arrangement for Sowing MP 6. Measuring Soil Water Deficit and Irrigation Requirements MP 7. Management of Weeds MP 8. Yield Estimation in Experiments and Demonstrations MP 9. Recording Morphological Characters MP 10. Maturity Determination

Genetics and Breeding of Groundnut Compiled By: Faujdar Singh and D L Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Genetic Studies in Groundnut Qualitative Inheritance Linkage Studies Quantitative Inheritance Heritability and Genetic Advance Gene Effects Heterosis Character Association Genotype x Environment (GxE) Interactions Groundnut Breeding Germplasm Collection and Evaluation Hybridization Choice of Selection Procedures for Groundnut Utilization of Wild Species Mutation Breeding Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Establishing Groundnut Crossing Nurseries MP 2. Emasculation and Crossing in Groundnut MP 3. Handling Crosses of Groundnut MP 4. Incorporation of Genes from Wild Diploids into Cultivated Groundnut MP 5. Induced Mutagenesis MP 6. Handling the Mutation Breeding Population References Evaluation

Management Procedures for Pearl Millet Improvement Compiled By: T Nagur, B Diwakar, and DL Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Uniformity Trial MP 2. Sampling for Soil Testing MP 3. Seed Calibration MP 4. Density of Seed MP 5. Plant Nutrient Role and Requirement MP 6. Fertilizer Calibration MP 7. Thinning MP 8. Weed Control MP 9. Growth and Development of Pearl Millet MP 10. Characters and Field Note Codes MP 11. Shoot Fly MP 12. Stem Borers MP 13. Midge MP 14. Other Pests MP 15. Downy Mildew (Sclerospora graminicola) MP 16. Ergot (Claviceps fusiformis) MP 17. Smut (Tolyposporium pencillariae) MP 18. Fungal, Bacterial, and Viral Diseases MP 19. Laboratory Screening for Resistance ot Striga spp. MP 20. Field Screening for Resistance to Striga spp. References Evaluation

Major Diseases of Groundnut Compiled By Faujdar Singh and D L Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Fungi Bacteria Viruses Nematodes Disease Assessment Diseases of Groundnut Fungal Diseases Bacterial Disease Nematode Diseases Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Seed Rots and Seedling Diseases of Groundnut MP 2. Groundnut Pod Rots MP 3. Groundnut Yellow Mold MP 4. Determination of Seed Resistance to Colonization by Aspergillus flavus MP 5. Groundnut Rust MP 6. Rust Screening in the Field MP 7. Rust Inoculation in the Laboratory MP 8. Early and Late Leaf Spots of Groundnut MP 9. Screening for Early and Late Leaf Spots MP 10. Use of Cob's Diagram for Percentage Leaf Area Damage by Rust and Early and Late Leaf Spots MP 11. Bud Necrosis MP 12. Groundnut Rosette MP 13. Peanut Clump MP 14. Detection and Inoculation of Plant Viruses MP 15. Bacterial Wilt of Groundnut MP 16. Methods to Identify Plant Parasitic Nematodes MP 17. Root-Knot Nematode MP 18. Root Lesion Nematode MP 19. Ring Nematode MP 20. Testa Nematode MP 21. Sting Nematode References Annexure I Annexure II Evaluation

Major Insects of Groundnut Compiled By:Faujdar Singh and DL Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Life Cycles of Insects Classification of Insects Insects of Groundnut Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Termite MP 2. White Grub MP 3. Thrips MP 4. Jassid MP 5. Aphid MP 6. Leaf Miner MP 7. Tobacco Caterpillar MP 8. Hairy Caterpillar MP 9. Insect Pest Surveys in Groundnut MP 10. Conducting Entomology Experiments MP 11. Procedure for Pesticide Application MP 12. Storage Pests of Groundnut References Evaluation

Management Procedures for Pearl Millet Breeding Compiled By: T Nagur and DL Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Pollination MP 2. Male-sterile Maintenance (`A' Line) MP 3. Male-sterile Seed Production (`A' Line) MP 4. Development of New Male-sertile Lines MP 5. Development of Hybrids with Cytoplasmic Genetic Male-Sterilies MP 6. Hybrid Seed Production MP 7. Development a Composite C_o Bulk MP 8. S2 and S1 Selection System MP 9. Full-sib Selection System MP 10. Inbred Tester Method MP 11. Mass Selection System MP 12. Reciprocal Recurrent Selection System MP 13. Reciprocal Full-sib Selection System(RPS) MP 14. Synthetic Varieties MP 15. Topcross Hybrids References Evaluation

Pigeonpea Botany and Production Practices Compiled By: Faujdar Singh and DL Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Origin and Distribution Pigeonpea Plant Inflorescence Flowering and Pollination Pod Development Seed and its Germination Production Practices Climate Soils Land Preparation Response to Nutrients Cropping Systems Sowing Time and Depth Methods of Sowing and Spacing Seed Rate and Seed Treatment Weed Management Irrigation Harvesting and Threshing Recording Observations Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Determination of Seed Rate for a Given Plant Density MP 2. Recording Morphological Characters References Evaluation

Genetics and Breeding of Pigeonpea Compiled By: Faujdar Singh and DL Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Pigeonpea Genetics Qualitative Inheritance Linkage Studies Disease Resistance Heterosis Male Sterility Genotype by Environment Interaction Pigeonpea Breeding Germplasm Resources Hybridization Population Breeding Hybrid Breeding Mutation Breeding Utilization of Wild Relatives Breeding for Special traits Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Selfing in Pigeonpea MP 2. Emasculation and Crossing Techniques MP 3. Pedigrees Recording of Breeding-material MP 4. Maintenance of Breeding Stocks, Composites, and Cultivars MP 5. Development of Populations Using Genetic Male-sterile Lines MP 6. Development and Maintenance of Male-sterile Lines MP 7. Production of Hybrid Seed References Evaluation

Management Procedures for Evaluation of Pearl Millet and Sorghum Grain Quality Compiled By: T Nagur, V Subramanian and DL Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Breaking Dormancy in Pearl Millet MP 2. Moisture Estimation MP 3. Oil Estimation (Soxhlet) MP 4. Protein Estimation MP 5. Lysine Estimation MP 6. Amino Acids Estimation MP 7. Methionine and Cystine Estimations MP 8. Tryptophan Estimation MP 9. Starch Estimation MP 10. Soluble Sugars Estimation MP 11. Ash Estimation MP 12. Tannin Estimation References Evaluation

Pest Management in Pigeonpea Compiled By: Faujdar Singh and DL Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Insect Pests of Pigeonpea Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Insects Attacking Roots and Stems of Pigeonpea MP 2. Foliage Feeding Insects--Jassids, Aphids, and Mites MP 3. Foliage Feeding Insects--Flies, Bugs, and Bees MP 4. Foliage Feeding Insects--Weevils, Beetles, Defoliators, and Webbers MP 5. Insects of Flowers and Buds--Thrips, Beetles, and Weevils MP 6. Insects of Flowers and Pods--Pod Borers MP 7. Pod Flies, Pod Wasps, and Bruchids MP 8. Screening Technique for Helicoverpa armigera MP 9. System of Scoring Insect Damage on Pods of Pigeonpea MP 10. Development of Sex Pheromone Traps MP 11. Determination of an Economic Threshold for Insecticide Application MP 12. Cultural Control of Pigeonpea Insects MP 13. Nature and Action of Insecticides The Concept of Plant Diseasesof Pigeonpea MP 14. Major Diseases of Pigeonpea MP 15. Minor Diseases of Pigeonpea MP 16. Nematodes Attacking Pigeonpea MP 17. Losses and Control Measures for Wilt, Sterility Mosaic, Blight, and Leaf Spots of Pigeonpea MP 18. Resistance Screening Techniques for Pigeonpea Diseases MP 19. Fungicides and Their Use to Control Plant Diseases MP 20. Concept of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) References Evaluation

Research Planning and Data Handling Compiled By: B Diwakar and DL Oswalt This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Planning Experiments Refinement of Techniques and Selection of Material Stating the Objectives Selection of Treatments Choice of Experimental Design Number of Replications Layingout and Conducting Experiments Selecting of an Experimental Site Measuring Soil Heterogeneity Competiton Effects Plot Layout Labeling Conducting the Experiment Observing and Collecting Data Sampling Recording Observations Analyzing and Interpreting Data Data Analysis Problem Data Missing Plots Summarizing Results and Report Writing Parts of a Report Style of Writing Publishing Results and Technology Transfer Organization of a Scientific Paper Choosing the Journal Technology Transfer Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Preresearch Review and Management MP 2. Research Plan Checklist MP 3. Identifying the Number of Replications MP 4. Conducting Uniformity Trials MP 5. Controlling Competition Effects MP 6. Sampling Methods MP 7. Rounding and Recording Numbers MP 8. Measurement of Growth Factors MP 9. Measuring Yield Components MP 10. Steps in the Analysis of Variances MP 11. `t' -- Test of Significance MP 12. Completely Randomized-block Design MP 13. Randomized Complete-block Design MP 14. Latin Square Design MP 15. Factorial Experiment Using RCBD MP 16. Data Transformation MP 17. Missing Plot Techniques References Evaluation

Nutritive Value and Uses of Pigeonpea and Groundnut Compiled By: Faujdar Singh and B Diwakar This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Pigeonpea Nutritive Value of Pigeonpea Antinutritional Factors Green Seeds as a Vegetable Animal Feed Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Dehulling Operations (Dhal Milling) MP 2. Processing of Green Pigeonpea MP 3. Uses of Pigeonpea as Dhal and Vegetable MP 4. Isolation of Starch and Noodles from Pigeonpea MP 5. Miscellaneous Uses of Pigeonpea Groundnut Nutritive Value As Human Food Groundnut haulm and Hull MP 6. Use of Pods and Seeds MP 7. Groundnut Milk and Butter MP 8. Groundnut Protein Isolates MP 9. Fermented Products of Groundnut MP 10. Groundnut Flour-based Sorghum Kisra MP 11. Groundnut Candies MP 12. Groundnut Butter, Sauce, and Soup References Evaluation

Pest Control Compiled By: SK Pal and SK Das Gupta Pesticides Terminology and Definitions Pesticide Formulation Type of Formulations Calculation of Insecticide Dosage Common expression of recommended dosages Recommended dosages Calculations Summary Use and Operation of a Knapsack Sprayer Steps for calibrating a sprayer Determining the amount of nozzle discharge Calculation of application rate Calculation of sprayer loads Maintenance of sprayers Pest Surveillance Surveillance methods Protection Levels Important Pests on ICRISAT Mandate Crops References Evaluation

Chickpea Botany and Production Practices Compiled By: Faujdar Singh and B Diwakar This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Introduction Botany Plant Habit Seed and Germination Root Stem Inflorescence Anthesis Pod and Seed Development Production Practices Agroclimatic Conditions and Production Constraints Cropping Systems Land Preparation Seed and Sowing Time of Sowing Plant Density Nutrient Requirement Rhizobium Inoculation Weed Management Irrigation Harvesting Management Procedures (MP) MP 1. Recording the Morphological Characteristics of Chickpea MP 2. Emasculation and Crossing in Chickpea MP 3. Determination of Seed Rate for a Given Plant Density MP 4. Nutrient Deficiency in Chickpea MP 5. Rhizobium Inoculation Procedures MP 6. Weed Management References Evaluation

Pesticide Application Compiled By: SK Pal and SK Das Gupta This Skill Development Series contains following topics. Plant Protection Equipment Different Types of Plant Protection Equipment Generally Used Selection and Use of Spraying Equipment Pesticide Application Techniques Commonly Used Spraying Equipment Hand-operated Hydraulic Sprayers Power-operated Hydraulic Sprayers Air Carrier Sprayers (Mist Blowers) Electrodyne Sprayer (Electrostatic Sprays) The Birky Sprayer Controlled-droplet Application (CDA) Sprayers Different Types of Nozzles and their Main Uses Maintenance and Safe Handling Equipment Storage Hints for Trouble-Shooting Safety Precautions Suggested Books for Reading

Adapting the Global Food and Water Models for Analysis of SAT Futures and Development Opportunities Edited By: Shiferaw B and Jayakumar PN International Model for Policy Analysis of Agricultural Commodities and Trade (IMPACT) - The Food Model The Water and Food Model (IMPACT-WATER) Water, Agricultural Trade, Economics and Resource Simulation Model (WaterSiM) Implementation of the IMPACT Model: Input Files Exercises, Procedures and Results for Different Scenarios (Using GAMS)

Training Manual Development of Cultivars and Seed Production Techniques in Sorghum and Pearl Millet Edited By: Faujdar Singh, KN Rai, Belum VS Reddy and B Diwakar Sorghum An Overview of Sorghum Cultivar Development JW Stenhouse Reproductive Biology of Sorghum Faujdar Singh Sorghum Plant and Flower Parts Belum VS Reddy Selfing and Crossing Techniques in Sorghum Belum VS Reddy Development, Production, and Maintenance of Restorer Parents and Pure-Line Varieties in Sorghum JW Stenhouse Production of Sorghum Hybrids Belum VS Reddy Pearl Millet An Overview of Pearl Millet Cultivar Development and Maintenance CT Hash Reproductive Biology of Pearl Millet Faujdar Singh Selfing and Crossing Techniques in Pearl Millet KN Rai Development, Production, and Maintenance of Male-Sterile Lines in Pearl Millet KN Rai Development, Production, and Maintenance of Pollinators in Pearl Millet BS Talukdar Production of Pearl Millet Hybrid Seed BS Talukdar Seed Production of Pearl Millet Open-Pollinated Cultivars CT Hash Seed-Processing Techniques and Chronology of Indian Seed Industry Production of Foundation and Certified Seed of Sorghum and Pearl Millet V Jaya Mohan Rao Harvest and Postharvest Handling of Breeder Seed of Sorghum and Pearl Millet CT Hash Purity Test of Hybrids, Parental Lines, and Open-Pollinated Varieties of Sorghum and Pearl Millet V Jaya Mohan Rao References

Agricultural Experimentation Introduction This lesson is to help you to understand a few principles in statistical procedures and the fundamentals of experimental designs. Procedure for Agricultural Experimentation Some Basic Terms Test of Significance Analysis of Variance

Carbon Nitrogen Ratio in the Soil Introduction The objective of this lesson is to learn the importance of the carbon: nitrogen ratio in the soil. The knowledge is important for practical farming. Calculation Procedures of Carbon Nitrogen Ratio Solving Problems on Carbon Nitrogen Ratio

Fertilizer Calibration Objective and Goal Introduction Types of fertilizers Computation of single nutrient fertilizers Computation of double nutrient fertilizers Computation of fertilizers per plot and per row Solving Problems on single nutrient fertilizers Solving Problems on double nutrient fertilizers Solving problems on per row and per plot

Framework for effective monitoring and evaluation to measure ICRISAT’s impact M&E Overview Setting up an M&E system Working Framework: a project’s objective hierarchy Case Study Illustrating Effective Monitoring and Evaluation of Impact of ICRISAT Technology Exchange Importance of groundnut in West Africa Objective and Scope Institutions involved Reference

Plant Stand Estimation and Determination of Seed Requirement Introduction Estimation of plants per hectare Solving problems on plants per hectare Estimation of plant number in a row Solving problems on plant number in a row Estimation of intra-row spacing Solving problems on intra-row spacing Determination of seed requirement Estimation of seed quantity

Soil Texture Introduction Procedure for mechanical analysis of soil Solving problems on soil texture

Soil Water Estimations Introduction Forms of soil water Measurement and calculation of soil water by mass Measurement and calculation of soil water by volume

Soil Water Balance for Crop Land Introduction Soil water balance equation Soil water balance computation

Soil Moisture Calculation Introduction Calculation of soil moisture content by mass and volume Calculation of forms of soil water on mass basis Calculation of forms of soil water on percentage basis Calculation of depth of water, water holding capacity, porosity Solving problems on soil moisture content by mass and volume Solving problems on forms of soil water on mass basis Solving problems on forms of soil water on percentage basis Problems on depth of water, water holding capacity and porosity

Soil Solarization Introduction Methodologies Effects of Solarization Other benefits Implications Application of Solarization

Two-Sample’t’ Test of Significance Introduction Procedure to carry out’t’ test Example of Unpaired’t’ tests Example of Paired’t’ tests Practice problems on’t’ test

“Aspergillus Flavus Seed Infection and Aflatoxin Estimation By Elisa” and Aflatoxin Management Options In Groundnut Preface Mycotoxins-an overview Aflatoxins Introduction Risk to health of human beings and livestock Aspergillus flavus infection and aflatoxin Contamination in groundnuts Occurrence of aflatoxins in groundnuts and groundnut products Limits and regulations Aflatoxin analysis in groundnut and groundnut products Sampling Sample preparation Methods for analysis of aflatoxins Immunological methods for aflatoxins Principles of antibody production Structure of immunogamaglobulins and function Polyclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies Production of polyclonal antibody Choice of animals Immunization Blood collection and serum preparation Storage of antisera Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) Principles Choice of enzyme lables Conjugation of AFB1-BSA with PNC/ALP/HRP Materials Conjugation of AFB1-BSA with penicillinase Conjugation of AFB1-BSA with alkaline phosphatase Conjugation of AFB1-BSA with horseradish Peroxidase ELISA test procedures using 96 well plates Materials Sample extraction Indirect competitive ELISA utilizing ALP Direct competitive ELISA procedure Utilizing PNC/HRP enzymes